The Zambeze River cascades over a cliff stretching more 1.7
kilometers, making this waterfall, known by its local name as Mosi-oa-Tunya
(smoke that thunders), a stunning sight.
With its highest-ever recorded flow rate of 12,800 cubic
meters per second, a lot of water makes the 108-meter drop into the Zambeze's
gorges.
Swimmers can take a dip in Devil's Pool when water levels
aren't too high -- it's right on the edge of the waterfall. Check safety
notices first.
Brief Description:
These are among the most spectacular waterfalls in the
world. The Zambezi River, which is more than 2 km wide at this point, plunges
noisily down a series of basalt gorges and raises an iridescent mist that can
be seen more than 20 km away.
Brief synthesis
The Mosi-oa-Tunya/Victoria Falls is the world’s greatest
sheet of falling water and significant worldwide for its exceptional geological
and geomorphological features and active land formation processes with
outstanding beauty attributed to the falls i.e. the spray, mist and rainbows.
This transboundary property extends over 6860 ha and comprises 3779 ha of the
Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park (Zambia), 2340 ha of Victoria Falls National Park
(Zimbabwe), 741 ha of the riverine strip of Zambezi National Park (Zimbabwe). A
riverine strip of the Zambezi National Park extending 9 km west along the right
bank of the Zambezi and islands in the river are all within the Park as far as Palm
and Kandahar Islands, with the Victoria Falls being one of the major
attractions. The waterfall stands at an altitude of about 915 m above mean sea
level (a.m.s.l.) and spans to about 1708 m wide with an average depth of 100 m
and the deepest point being 108 m. Sprays from this giant waterfall can be seen
from a distance of 30 km from the Lusaka road, Zambia and 50 km from Bulawayo
road, Zimbabwe. Basalts have been cut by a river system producing a series of
eightspectacular gorges that serve as breeding sites for four species of
endangered birds. The basalts of the Victoria Falls World Heritage property are
layered unlike those of the Giants Causeway World Heritage site which are
vertical and columnar.
Criterion (vii): The Mosi-oa-Tunya/Victoria Falls is the
largest curtain of falling water in the world; it is 1.708 m wide and with up
to 500 million litres per minute descending at 61 m (Devil’s Cataract), 83 m
(Main Falls), 99 m (Rainbow Falls), 98 m (Eastern Cataract). Eight spectacular
gorges of igneous origin (i.e. comprising basalts) and several islands in the
core zone serve as breeding sites for four endangered and migratory bird
species, such as the Taita Falcon and Black Eagle. The riverine 'rainforest'
within the waterfall splash zone is a fragile ecosystem of discontinuous forest
on sandy alluvium, dependent upon maintenance of abundant water and high
humidity resulting from the spray plume of about 500 m (at maximum height) that
can be seen from a distance of 50 km and 30 km from Bulawayo and Lusaka roads
respectively. A direct frontage viewing of the falls is possible from both
Zambia and Zimbabwe.
Criterion (viii): The Mosi-oa-Tunya/Victoria Falls and
associated eight steep sided gorges have been formed through the changing
waterfall positions over a geological time scale. The gorges are an outstanding
example of river capture and the erosive forces of the water still continue to
sculpture the hard basalts. These gorges take a zigzag course of a distance of
about 150 km along the Zambezi River below the falls. Seven previous waterfalls
occupied the seven gorges below the present falls, and the Devil's Cataract in
Zimbabwe is the starting point for cutting back to a new waterfall. In
addition, an aerial view of the falls shows possible future waterfall
positions. Upstream are a spectacular series of riverine islands formed during
the ongoing geological and geomorphological processes. The property is
characterized by banded basalt of ancient lava flow, Kalahari sandstones and
chalcedony out of which stone artefacts of Homo habilis dating three million
years, stone tools of the middle Stone Age and weapons, adornments and digging
tools of the late Stone Age that indicate occupation by hunter-gatherers.
Integrity
The transboundary property extends over 6,860 ha, which is
considered relatively intact and adequately sized to maintain the diverse
natural processes, functions and interactions including the waterfall, gorges,
riverine ecosystem, breeding ground, habitat or landing base for migratory
endangered bird species making it an Important Bird Area (IBA), lava flows,
ancient stone artefacts and tools for hunter-gatherers. It comprises 3779 ha of
the Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park (Zambia), 2340 ha of the Victoria Falls
National Park (Zimbabwe), and 741 ha of the riverine strip of Zambezi National
Park (Zimbabwe). The boundary includes areas of the Zambezi River upstream of
the waterfall both in Zimbabwe and in Zambia. The remaining area of these
protected areas is considered as the buffer zone on either side of the
ZambeziRiver in Southern Zambia and north‐western Zimbabwe. The Mosi‐oa‐Tunya National Park
boundaryfollows the left bank between the Sinde River and the Songwe Gorge,
bounded in the North byDambwa Forest Reserve and the Maramba Township. On the
right bank,the Victoria Falls National Park is bounded by the river from 6 km
above to 12 km below the falls and by the town of Victoria Falls on the West.
Sprays from this giant waterfall can be seen from a distance of 30 km from the
Lusaka road, Zambia and 50 km from Bulawayo road, Zimbabwe. The system is
directly bordered by three protected areas which serve as buffering system.
Protection and management requirements
The property is protected under the National Heritage
Conservation Act (1998) and the Zambia Wildlife Act on the Zambia part and the
Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Act Cap. 20. 14 of 2008 (revised) on the Zimbabwean
side. This principal legislation provides for legal protection of the resources
within the property. The property has a well defined and buffered boundary
which requires clean demarcation. It has
a Joint Integrated Management Plan (JIMP) prepared in a participatory manner,
approved by the State Parties in November 2007 and being implemented in a
participatory manner.
The Plan addresses specifically questions of transboundary
coordination, management of urban and tourism facilities and funding schemes.
It is divided into three administrative zones (High, Medium and Low
Ecologically Sensitive Zones), each with specific prescriptions that best
protect the specific resources and values found in each zone. These are
surrounded by a buffer zone, and there is a challenge to ensure support for
conservation within settlements in this area that pre-date the inscription of the
property on the World Heritage List.
The agreed institutional framework for the management of the
property is at three levels: Joint Ministerial, Joint Technical and Joint Site
Management Committees.
The property requires continued maintenance and updating of
its management plan, supported by adequate staffing and provision of financial
resources.
The falls being a major attraction, urban infrastructure
developments, tourism facilities and services may impact the property’s
integrity and therefore need to be carefully managed not to compromise the
exceptional beauty and Outstanding Universal Value of the property.
Effective and continued action is also required to tackle
the current and potential impacts of alien species on the property.
Long Description
The Mosi-oa-Tunya / Victoria Falls National Park contains
one of the world's most spectacular waterfalls. The falls and associated gorges
are an outstanding example of river capture and the erosive forces of the water
still continues to sculpture the hard basalts. The complex of conservation
areas in Zimbabwe covers over 1,846,700 ha excluding forest reserves. The park
abuts Dambwa Forest Reserve in Zambia. The falls are the most significant
feature of the park, and when the Zambezi is in full flood (usually February or
March) they form the largest curtain of falling water in the world. During
these months, over 500 million litres of water per minute go over the falls,
which are 1,708 m wide, and drop 99 m at Rainbow Falls in Zambia. At low water
in November flow can be reduced to around 10 million litres per minute, and the
river is divided into a series of braided channels that descend in many
separate falls.
Below the falls the river enters a narrow series of gorges
which represent locations successively occupied by the falls earlier in their
history. Since the uplifting of the Makgadikgadi Pan area some 2 million years
ago, the Zambezi River has been cutting through the basalt, exploiting weak
fissures and forming a series of retreating gorges. Seven previous waterfalls
occupied the seven gorges below the present falls, and Devil's Cataract in
Zimbabwe is the starting point for cutting back to a new waterfall that will
eventually leave the present lip high above the river in the gorge below.
The predominant vegetation is mopane forest, with small
areas of teak and miombo woodland and a narrow band of riverine forest along
the Zambezi. The riverine 'rainforest' within the waterfall splash zone is of
particular interest, a fragile ecosystem of discontinuous forest on sandy
alluvium, dependent upon maintenance of abundant water and high humidity
resulting from the spray plume. There are a lot of tree species within this
forest and also some herbaceous species.
Concerning the fauna, several herds of elephant occur in
Zambezi National Park, occasionally crossing to the islands and Zambian
mainland during the dry season when water levels are low. There are small herds
of buffalo and wildebeest, as well as zebra, warthog, giraffe, bushpig and
hippopotamus are frequent above the falls. Vervet monkey and chacma baboon are
common. Lion and leopard are occasionally seen. Taita falcon breeds in the
gorges, as do black stork, black eagle, peregrine falcon and augur buzzard.
Victoria Falls forms a geographical barrier between the
distinct fish faunas of the upper and middle Zambezi River. 39 species of fish
have been recorded from the waters below the falls.
Ethnic composition of the people living in the falls area
outside the parks is a mixture of recent immigrants and long-term occupants,
witnessed by stone artefacts of Homo habilis from 3 million years ago which
have been found near the falls, indicating prolonged occupation of the area in
the middle Stone Age. Weapons, adornments and digging tools indicate the presence
of hunter-gathering communities in the late Stone Age, displaced about 2,000
years ago by farmers using iron tools, which kept livestock and lived in
villages.
These are among the most spectacular waterfalls in the
world. The Zambezi river, which is more than 2 km wide at this point, plunges
noisily down a series of basalt gorges and raises an iridescent mist that can
be seen more than 20 km away.
Source: UNESCO/CLT/WHC
Historical Description
The Victoria Falls Reserve Preservation Ordinance of 1934
established the Victoria Falls Executive Committee to be responsible for the
preservation of the falls area. In 1948 the National Monuments Commission
established a Victoria Falls Conservancy Committee, and extended the protected
area downstream to Songwe Gorge (confirmed in legislation in 1949). In 1953 the
colonial Governor formed the Victoria Falls Trust, which had responsibility for
the area until the national park was declared on 25 February 1972 by Statutory
Instrument No. 44 (when the area came under the jurisdiction of the National
Parks and Wildlife Service). There are six national monuments within the park,
including the falls. Designated as a World Heritage site in 1989.
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